Preparedness and Challenges of the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office During Emergencies

Authors

  • Ismael L. Balete Jr. University of Santo Tomas
  • Jose Kristoffer A. Camba University of Santo Tomas

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v5i4.64

Keywords:

preparedness, challenges, MDRRMO, emergencies

Abstract

This study determined the level of preparedness of the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (MDRRMO) during emergencies and examined the challenges encountered by MDRRMO personnel, with the aim of recommending strategies to enhance emergency management operations. A mixed-method research design was employed using a structured assessment tool aligned with national DRRM standards and Focus Group Discussions thru a semistructured interview guide. Findings revealed that the MDRRMO exhibited an excellent level of preparedness across all DRRM pillars. Prevention and mitigation, and Preparedness measures were well-established, with a very good rating. Response, and Recovery and rehabilitation measures are excellent. However, challenges persisted, particularly in manpower and logistics, such as limited personnel complement, gaps in specialized skills, inadequate access to advanced rescue equipment, and constraints in risk financing mechanisms. It was recommended that risk financing, inter-agency coordination and community-based preparedness be strengthened, continuous capacity development be institutionalized, logistics and equipment be enhanced, to improve overall emergency response and resilience.

References

Abedsoltan, H., Abedsoltan, A., & Zoghi, Z. (2024). RETRACTED: Future of process safety: Insights, approaches, and potential developments. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 185, 684–707.

Adekola, O., Fischbacher-Smith, D., & Arbon, P. (2024). Beyond silos: Addressing fragmentation in disaster risk management through systemic integration and coordination. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 102, Article 104285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104285

Almelor, A., Villanueva, J., Bayos, M., & Orbita, M. (2024). Operationalizing resilience: Assessing the readiness of local government units in disaster response. Philippine Journal of Disaster Management, 12(2), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2024.pjdm.0112

Amil, A. (2024). Collaborative governance mechanisms in disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines: A systematic review. [Journal Name], 1, 145-169.

Araña, K. M. (2025). Local government units’ emergency preparedness and response: An assessment of disaster risk reduction and management plans. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 12(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v12i1.1532

Balanggoy, J. B. (2024). Implementation of disaster risk reduction and management in secondary public schools in Benguet. International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS), 7(3), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v7i3p112

BMC Nursing. (2024). The effects of an educational intervention based on the Protection Motivation Theory on protective behaviors of emergency ward nurses. BMC Nursing, 23, Article 409. https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-024-02053-1

Cabanig, M. L. D. (2023). Disaster awareness and local government unit actions on disaster management. International Journal of Research Publications, 124(1), 1346–1356. https://doi.org/10.47119/10.47119/IJRP1001241520234965

Canape, G. J., Mendoza, R. T., & Santiago, E. F. (2025). Technical debt in disaster management: Assessing the specialized rescue capabilities of local government units. Journal of Philippine Emergency Management, 9(2), 76–94.

Chen, Y., Park, S., & Lee, K. (2023). Interdependent systems in emergency response: A coordination model for local disaster agencies. Journal of Emergency Management.

Cureg, R. (2025). Adaptive capacity and preparedness of flood-prone barangays: A community-based study. Journal of Local Governance and Development, 18(1), 12-29.

Dalugdog, J. P. (2025). Skills-based training and local disaster response: A correlational study on personnel proficiency and community resilience. Philippine Journal of Public Safety and Management, 7(1), 58–74.

Ebay, J. S., Tajo-Firmase, J., Calsado, D. J. D., Magluyan, L. M. M., & Ramirez Jr, M. M. (2024). Small Island Community Resilience: Building the Capacities of Isolated Communities to Address Climate Risks and Disasters. In Climate Emergency in the Philippines: Impacts and Imperatives for Urgent Policy Action (pp. 237-260). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-7804-5_11

Galzote, C. J., Galzote, M. C., & Grefal, J. A. L. (2023). Unmasking the gaps: A policy analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic response of selected cities in Metro Manila, Philippines. Journal of Public Affairs and Development, 12, 1–28.

Gumarao, G. M., & Balongoy, A. S. (2025). Capacity-building and its impact on disaster response efficiency: A longitudinal study of local government units. Journal of Community Health and Emergency Preparedness, 10(2), 89–105.

Lacorte, J. M., Dela Cruz, R. A., & Bautista, L. S. (2025). Institutionalizing resilience: An evaluative study of MDRRMO compliance and governance in provincial municipalities. Philippine Journal of Disaster Management and Resilience, 8(1), 112–130.

Lavadia, M. S., Torres, R. B., & Cruz, J. D. (2025). The 30 percent margin: Evaluating the efficacy of people-centered early warning systems in coastal municipalities. Journal of Risk Research and Community Resilience, 14(2), 210–228.

Lorenzo, G. (2024). Bridging the gap: From comprehensive DRRM planning to operational execution in Philippine municipalities. Public Policy and Administration Review, 15(4), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppar.2024.08.003

Macose, J. B. (2024). The social semiotics of disaster: Evaluating the role of communication in public emergency response. Journal of Crisis Communication and Management, 11(3), 142–159.

Matunhay, L. (2018). Disaster preparedness and resiliency of the local government unit of Compostela. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research.

Mendoza, R. C. (2025). The four pillars of DRRM: An assessment of implementation among local state universities. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 22(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2025/v50i1

Ocampo, P. (2023). Standardizing disaster protocols: An analysis of the RA 10121 implementing rules and regulations. Journal of Philippine Law and Policy, 10(2), 134-150.

Olorvida, G. (2023). Mandates and mechanisms: The role of MDRRMOs in municipal disaster governance. Local Government Studies Quarterly, 9(3), 77-92.

Olorvida, J. R. (2023). Strengthening local disaster governance: Evaluating the mandates of RA 10121 in municipal DRRM offices. Journal of Asian Governance and Development, 9(1), 45–61.

Orbeta, A. C., [et al.]. (2020). Assessing the legal framework and organizational capacity of local DRRM offices. Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) Discussion Paper Series, No. 2020-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/pids.12020.15

Pardillo, M. (2025). Technical compliance vs. practical readiness: Evaluating local emergency operations. International Journal of Crisis Management, 14(2), 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/ijcm.2025.118

Republic Act No. 10121. (2010). An act strengthening the Philippine disaster risk reduction and management system. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/

Samson, M. R., Alampay, E. P., & Helbig, N. (2023). Assessing the digital readiness and disaster management capabilities of local government units. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 67(1), 88–112.

Samson, M. R., & Buot, M. M. (2023). Assessing the disaster preparedness of local government units in the Philippines: A capacity-building perspective. Journal of Emergency Management and Disaster Communications, 4(2), 115–134.

San Jose, R. L. (2022). Evaluating the disaster preparedness and response capabilities of local government units: A focus on logistical and communication readiness. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 12(3), 342–358.

Silagan, A. D., Asis, M. C. G., Jacosalem, N. P., Balolot, J. O., Balighot, B. S., & Estandarte, E. E. (2025, September). BaCERA: A Smart Mobile and Web Solution for Community Emergency Response and Disaster Risk Management. In International Conference on Trends in Sustainable Computing and Machine Intelligence (pp. 595-610). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-032-13177-5_45

Silagan, J. R., Patalinghug, M. E., & Tornea, V. V. (2025). Human capital in disaster risk reduction: Correlating responder competence with emergency outcome efficacy. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 15(1), 201–218.

Von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. George Braziller.

Zhong, Y., [et al.]. (2024). Evolution of disaster risk reduction systems: A comparative study of reactive and proactive frameworks. Global Environmental Change, 84, 102781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102781

Published

2026-04-10 — Updated on 2026-04-15

Versions

Issue

Section

Articles