The Influence of Digital Transformational Leadership, Work-Life Balance, and Autonomy Work towards Employee Engagement with Culture Organization as Variables Mediation for Students Working Generation Z with Remote Work
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v5i7.234Keywords:
Digital Transformational Leadership, Work-Life Balance, Autonomy Work, Culture Organization, Employee EngagementAbstract
Research This aim for analyze influence Digital Transformational Leadership (DTL), Work-Life Balance (WLB), and Autonomy Work to Student Employee Engagement (EE). Generation Z who works in a way remote, with Culture Organization (BO) as variables mediation approach quantitative causal used with spread questionnaire Likert Scale - based online questionnaire to 216 respondent’s student Generation Z in Indonesia who have Work with system remote/hybrid for at least 2 months. Data analysis techniques using analysis path analysis through device software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences or Statistical Product and Service Solutions) SPSS. Findings This give contribution theoretical on expansion Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Theory and provides implications practical for management source Power man in designing ecosystem Work remote based on trust and autonomy level tall.
References
Adelia, R., Sabilla, N., & Wartini, S. (2023). Work-Life Balance in the Era of Work Digitalization: Analysis of the Impact on Employee Performance . 556–581.
Allen, T.D., Golden, T.D., & Shockley, K.M. (2015). How Effective Is Telecommuting? Assessing the Status of Our Scientific Findings. Indexing and Metrics , Volume 16 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273
Amalia, RN, Dianingati, RS, & Annisa, E. (2022). The effect of the number of respondents on the results of the validity and reliability test of the self-medication knowledge and behavior questionnaire . 9–15. https://doi.org/10.14710/genres.v2i1.12271
Andungai, R., & Omar, S. (2025). The Influence of Leadership on Remote Worker Engagement . https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.907000371
Anhar, RA, Suryaningsih, A., & Fadillah, RNP (2025). The Effect of Flexible Working Hours and Work-Life Balance on Increasing the Productivity of Gen Z Employees . 3 (1), 233–243. doi: https://doi.org/10.54066/jmbe-itb.v3i1.2760
Armstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of human resource management practice/Michael Armstrong.–10th ed.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, . 22(3) . https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bantam, DJ, Sulaiman, T., Syah, ME, & Hutagalung, FD (2025). Work Engagement in Gen Z Employees Based on Employee Happiness and Adaptive Performance . 7 (2), 165–182.
Bartsch, S., Weber, E., Büttgen, M., & Huber, A. (2021). Leadership matters in crisis-induced digital transformation: how to lead service employees effectively during the COVID-19 pandemic . 1 , 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0160%0A
Berlian, S., Taufiq, M., Huda, S., & Hartono, S. (2025). The Role of Transformational Leadership in Improving Team Performance in the Digital Era . 4 (3), 460–468.
Boskovic, A. (2021). Employee Autonomy and Engagement in the Digital age : The Moderating Role of Remote Working. 23(3), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonhor2103241B
Clark. (2000). Work/Family Border Theory: A New Theory of Work/Family Balance. 53(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. An International Journal for the Advancement of Psychological Theory, Volume 11(Issue 4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Dessler, G. (2020). human resource management 17th edition.
Fernandez, A.A., & Shaw, G.P. (2020). Academic Leadership in a Time of Crisis: The Coronavirus and COVID-19 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21684
Finindi, FH, Fanisa, S., Jesra, MT, & Sahputra, E. (2024). Millennials' and Generation Z's Perceptions of Fairness and Innovation in the Workplace . 1 (4), 1877–1887.
Fitri, GSI, & Fikry, Z. (2025). The Contribution of Organizational Justice to Employee Engagement in Gen Z Employees in the Habepro Radionet Indonesia Network, Padang State University, improving employee performance in a company (Muliawan, Perizade, & Cahyadi, 2017). 3 (September). https://doi.org/10.61132/corona.v3i3.1670
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. APA PsycArticles, 92(6), 1524–1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
Ghezzi, V., Olivo, I., & Ronchetti, M. (2025). Beyond boundaries: how autonomy and technology promote work engagement and well-being in remote workers. 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1659185
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Dino, R. N. (2008). (2008). The impact of professional isolation on teleworker job performance and turnover intentions: Does time spent teleworking, interacting face-to-face, or having access to communication-enhancing technology matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1412–1421., 6, 1412–1421. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012722
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Volume 16(2), 250–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
Harefa, P. O., Halawa, F., & Waruwu, E. (2025). Peran Employee Engagement Dalam Meningkatkan Retensi Karyawan. 01(02), 19–24.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. APA PsycArticles, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Ilmiah, P. (2024). 4 1234. 15(2), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.61290/gm.v11i2
Jauhar, M. F., & Suratman, A. (2022). Transformational Leadership on Performance : Mediating Role of Flexible Work Arrangement and Work Engagement (Study on the Coffee Shop Industry In Yogyakarta). 35–50.
Kane, G.C., Phillips, A.N., Copulsky, J., & Andrus, G. (2019). How Digital Leadership Is(n't) Different . 60 , 34–39. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/how-digital-leadership-is-nt-different/docview/2207927776/se-2
Kurniawati, N., Fathurrohman, I., & Roysa, M. (2022). A Semiotic Analysis of Central Javanese Culture in the Film Mangkujiwo by Azhar Kinoi Lubis . 1 (1), 1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.56916/bip.v1i1.217
Laia, Y., Sarumaha, M., & Laia, B. (2022). COUNSELING GUIDANCE IN IMPROVING STUDENTS' LEARNING INDEPENDENCE AT STATE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 3 SUSUA IN THE 2021/2022 ACADEMIC YEAR . 2 (1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.57094/jubikon.v2i1.367
Lave, R., & Lane, S. (2025). The Field Guide to Mixing Social and Biophysical Methods in Environmental Research . 1 . https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0418
Lemeshow, S. (1991). SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION IN HEALTH STUDIES .
Lenaini, I. (2021). Purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. Journal of History Education Studies, Research & Development , 6 (1), 33–39. https://www.scribd.com/document/559264523/4075-21888-1-PB
Liu, Y., Alisa, I., & Hussain, B. (2025). The Impact of Organizational Culture on Organizational Performance : The Mediating Role of Employee Engagement. 7(2), 693–709. doi: https://doi.org/10.63931/ijchr.v7iSI2.238 Article
Marcos, O., Romero, J., & Tafur, Vj. (2016). Critical success factors in large projects in the aerospace and defense sectors. Journal of Business Research, Volume 69(11). doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.148
Munsamy, M., Dhanpat, N., & Barkhuizen, E. N. (2023). The development and validation of a digital leadership competency scale. 2413–1903. https://doi.org/10.4102/%0Aac.v23i1.1057
Pil, A., Ulum, B., Afendi, AK, & Irawan, B. (2024). Adaptive Education Quality Management in the Era of Disruption: Integration of Digital Leadership and Sustainable Quality Assurance System . 4 .
Pranatawijaya, VH, & Priskila, R. (2019). Application of Likert Scale and Dichotomous Scale in Online Questionnaires . 5 (November), 128–137. https://doi.org/10.34128/jsi.v5i2.185
Quick, James Campbell, & Terrick, LE (2011). Occupational Health Psychology (pp. 165–180).
Regresi, A. (2023). REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF MEDIATION VARIABLES WITH THE CAUSAL STEP METHOD Muhammad Asyorori, Wirda Andani ABSTRACT . 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.26418/bbimst.v12i1.62844
Reyes, C. T. (2015). The Influence of Organizational Culture on Employee Engagement : Small and Medium Enterprises in Tanjay City. 2(4), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15251002
Rosyidah, E., & Masykuroh, E. (2024). No Title. 6(06). https://doi.org/10.46799/syntax-idea.v6i6.3748
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 7, 600–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Salem, M.R.M. (2025). Designing future‑ready workplaces: how Gen Z's preferred work type influences retention intention; mediating role of perceived autonomy in Malaysian SMEs . 11 (11), 211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-025-00643-2%0AFuture
Sari, DF, Wahyudi, B., & Efawati, Y. (2025). The Influence of Work-Life Balance and Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment of Employees at Erni Medika Hospital, Jambi . 5 (September 1, 2025), 1737–1747. https://doi.org/10.37481/jmeb.v5i3.1622
Sari, M., & Sholeha, A. (2024). The Influence of Transformational Leadership Style in Building a Culture of Innovation and Increasing Gen Z Employee Engagement at PT. Alfamart. Tbk . 2 (4). doi:10.61132/anggaran.v2i4.1054
Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement , Volume 66 (4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A.B. (2002a). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Volume 3 , pages 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002b). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Volume 3, pages 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Setiawan, B. M., & Wening, N. (2024). Systematic Literature Review : The Effect of Quality of Work-Life Balance and Corporate Culture on Employee Engagement. 5(2), 141–149. doi:10.59141/jiss.v5i02.998
Singh, B., Kaunert, C., & Vig, K. (2024). Harmonizing Productivity of Employees via Work-Life Balance in Remote Working: Projecting Sound Sleep, Health, and Well-Being for Boosting Organizational Performance. 17. doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-0612-3.ch008
Sugiarto, B., Mustapa, H., & Alamsyah, T. (2025). Nusantara Technology and Engineering Review: Digital Transformation and Dynamics . 40–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.55732/6vzm7z33
Syarqowi, M., Zuhaery, M., & Hidayati, D. (2025). The Role of Digital Leadership in Improving the Performance of Educational Organizations: A Literature Review. Muhammad . 7 (2015). https://doi.org/10.21831/jump.v7i1.83379
Triana, N., & Suratman, A. (2022). The Influence of Work Life Balance and Work Discipline on Employee Performance . 01 (01), 222–247.
Uzair, M., & Hussain, M. M. (2025). Unravelling the Paradox between Digital Leadership and Remote Workers’ Engagement. 6(1), 70–82. doi:10.70580/jwb.06.01.0257
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Razin Saka Wiksa, Andriyastuti Suratman

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.





























