Enhancing Job Satisfaction: Assessing the Influence of High-Performance Work Systems and Flexible Working Hours through Employee Well-being and Work-Life Balance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v5i5.121Keywords:
HPWS, Flexible Working Hours, Employee Well Being, Work-Life Balance, Job SatisfactionAbstract
This study examines how High-Performance Work Systems (HPWS) and Flexible Working Hours influences Job Satisfaction in public sector. This study also examines how work-life balance and employee well-being support mediate effect of HPWS and Flexible Working Hours towards Job Satisfaction. Data were collected from 181 civil servants using proportionate stratified random sampling across three Tax Service Offices under the Directorate General of Taxes in Padang, Indonesia. Using PLS-SEM, the results show that High-Performance Work Systems enhances job satisfaction. High-Performance Work Systems positively and significantly increases job satisfaction. Flexible Working Hours not significantly support on increase Job Satisfaction. This study examined how High-Performance Work Systems and Flexible Working Time together have a positive impact on Work-Life Balance. Work life balance also has a positive influence in creating employee well-being. This study also explores the potential role of employee well-being on High-Performance Work Systems and job satisfaction relationship.
References
Agnoletto M. (2024) Flexible working and well-being: evidence from the UK. Journal of Demographic Economics. 90(4), 589-625. doi:10.1017/dem.2024.16
Albion, M. J. (2004). A measure of attitudes towards flexible work options. Australian Journal of Management, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/031289620402900
Alfes, K., Veld, M., & Fürstenberg, N. (2021). The relationship between perceived high-performance work systems, combinations of human resource well-being and human resource performance attributions, and engagement. Human Resource Management Journal, 31(3), 729–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12310
Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P., Kalleberg, A.L., 2000. Manufacturing Advantage:Why High-performance Work Systems Pay Off. Cornell University Press.
Ardianto, H., & Rosari, R. (2024). Don’t let them get stressed! HPWS mechanisms in improving psychological well-being in the workplace. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 17(5/6), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-02-2024-0027
Arduc, N., & Beyhan, E. B. (2023). Flexible working hours and job satisfaction in females. Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences, 9(19), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.9.19.27
Aruldoss, A., Kowalski, K. B., Travis, M. L., & Parayitam, S. (2021). The relationship between work–life balance and job satisfaction: moderating role of training and development and work environment. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 19(2), 240–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-01-2021-0002
Bartoll, X., & Ramos, R. (2021). Worked hours, job satisfaction and self-perceived health. Journal of Economic Studies, 48(1), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-10-2019-0457
Bellmann, L., & Hübler, O. (2021). Satisfaction and work–life balance – robust or heterogeneous links? International Journal of Manpower, 42(3), 424–441. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2019-0458
Boxall, P. (2012). High-performance work systems: what, why, how and for whom? Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 50(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7941.2011.00012.x
Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Kacmar, K. M. (2010). The relationship of schedule flexibility and outcomes via the work–family interface. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(4), 330–355. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011035278
Carvalho, V. S., & Chambel, M. J. (2014). Perceived high-performance work systems and subjective well-being: Work-to-family balance and well-being at work as mediators. Journal of Career Development, 43(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845315583113
Demerouti, E., Nachreiner, F., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Dorta-Afonso, D., Cuéllar-Molina, D., Rodríguez-Robaina, C., & De Saá-Pérez, P. (2025). Servant leadership and HPWS for work-life balance and job satisfaction in the hotel industry: Perspectives from conservation of resources theory. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 8(5), 2011–2030. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-06-2024-0631
Dorta-Afonso, D., & Romero-Domínguez, L. (2025). High-performance work systems in job demands–resources theory: Implications for employee burnout and quality of life. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 126, 104066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2024.1040667
Dorta-Afonso, D., Romero-Domínguez, L., & Benítez-Núñez, C. (2023). It’s worth it! High performance work systems for employee job satisfaction: The mediational role of burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 97, 103012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103012
Fabi, B., Lacoursière, R., & Raymond, L. (2015). Impact of high-performance work systems on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and intention to quit in Canadian organizations. International Journal of Manpower, 36(5), 772–790. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-01-2014-0005
Fan, D., Cui, L., Zhang, M. M., Zhu, C. J., Härtel, C. E. J., & Nyland, C. (2014). Influence of highperformance work systems on employee subjective well-being and job burnout: Empirical evidence from the Chinese healthcare sector. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(7), 931–950. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.87674
Fisher, G. G., Bulger, C. A., & Smith, C. S. (2009). Beyond work and family: A measure of work/nonwork interference and enhancement. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(4), 441–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016737
Goetz, N., & Wald, A. (2022). Similar but different? The influence of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and person-job fit on individual performance in the continuum between permanent and temporary organizations. International Journal of Project Management, 40(3), 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2022.03.001
Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85, 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. and Anderson, R.E. (2010), Multivariate Data Analysis, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2017). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. In Handbook of Market Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_15
Hair et al. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook (p. 197). Springer Nature. In Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal (Vol. 30, Issue July)
Han, J., Sun, J.-M., & Wang, H.-L. (2020). Do high performance work systems generate negative effects? How and when? Human Resource Management Review, 30, 100699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100699
Hayman, J. (2010). Flexible Work Schedules and Employee Well-being. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 35(2), 76–87. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.824547225266226
Heffernan, M., & Dundon, T. (2016). Cross-level effects of high-performance work systems (HPWS) and employee well-being: The mediating effect of organisational justice. Human Resource Management Journal, 26(2), 211–231.
Herrera-Ballesteros, J., de las Heras-Rosas, C. J., Mota Veiga, P., & Sampaio Rodrigues, F. (2025). How do flexible working time policies, telework from home and work fatigue impact on the work-life balance? International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 33(12), 153-173. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-03-2025-5353
Inegbedion, H., Inegbedion, E., Peter, A., & Harry, L. (2020). Perception of workload balance and employee job satisfaction in work organisations. Heliyon, 6(1), e03160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03160
Jain, A. K., Giga, S. I., & Cooper, C. L. (2009). Employee wellbeing, control and organizational commitment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(3), 256–273. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730910949535
Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J., Baer, J.C., 2012. How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Acad. Manag. J. 55 (6), 1264–1294
Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257–268.
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376–407. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376
Kloutsiniotis, P. V., & Mihail, D. M. (2020). The effects of high-performance work systems in employees’ service-oriented OCB. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102610
Kock, N., & Lynn, G. S. (2012). Lateral collinearity and misleading resultsin variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546–580.https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00302
Kock, N. (2021). Harman’s single factor test in PLS- SEM: Checking forcommon method bias. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 2(2), 1–6. https://scriptwarp.com/dapj/2021_DAPJ_2_2/
Kong, H., Jiang, X., Chan, W., & Zhou, X. (2018). Job satisfaction research in the field of hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(5), 2178–2194. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2016-0525
Laporan Kinerja Direktorat Jenderal Pajak 2025 (2026)
Lubis, M. R. K., Yolanda, V., Saragih, L. I., Wahyono, K. S., Muhammad, N., & Salsabila, M. H. (2025). Kebijakan mutasi dan kepuasan pegawai dalam kerangka organization-employee relationship (OER). Scientax: Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah Perpajakan Indonesia, 7(1), 84–105. https://doi.org/10.52869/st.v7i1.903
MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2011).Construct Measurement and Validation Procedures in MIS and Behavioral Research: Integrating New and Existing Techniques1. MIS Quarterly 1 June 2011; 35 (2): 293–A5. https://doi.org/10.2307/23044045
Messersmith, J. G., & Guthrie, J. P. (2010). High performance work systems in emergent organizations: Implications for firm performance. Human Resource Management, 49(2), 241–264. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20342
Messersmith, J. G., Patel, P. C., Lepak, D. P., & Gould-Williams, J. S. (2011). Unlocking the black box: Exploring the link between high-performance work systems and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1105–1118. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024710
Mihail, D. M., & Kloutsiniotis, P. V. (2016). The effects of high-performance work systems on hospital employees' work-related well-being: Evidence from Greece. European Management Journal, 34, 424–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2016.01.005
Ogbonnaya, C., Daniels, K., & Nielsen, K. (2017). Research: How incentive pay affects employee engagement, satisfaction, and trust. Harvard Business Review.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, N. P., & Lee, J. Y. (2003). The mismeasure of man(agement) and its implications for leadership research. Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 615–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.08.002
Rashmi, K., & Kataria, A. (2023). The mediating role of work-life balance on the relationship between job resources and job satisfaction: Perspectives from Indian nursing professionals. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(5), 1316–1342. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-04-2021-2722
Ronda, L., Ollo-López, A., & Goñi-Legaz, S. (2016). Family-friendly practices, high-performance work practices and work–family balance: How do job satisfaction and working hours affect this relationship? Management Research: The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 14(1), 2–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRJIAM-02-2016-0633
Sekaran, U. dan R. Bougie. 2016. Research Methodes for Business: A Skill Building Approach. United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Spreitzer, G. M., Cameron, L., & Garrett, L. (2017). Alternative work arrangements: Two images of the new world of work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 473–499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113332
Sugiyono. (201). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R & D. Bandung: CV Alfabeta.
Sun, L.-Y., Aryee, S., & Law, K. S. (2007). High-performance human resource practices, citizenship behavior, and organizational performance: A relational perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.25525821
White, M., Hill, S., McGovern, P., Mills, C., and Smeaton, D. (2003), ‘High Performance Management Practices, Working Hours and Work–Life Balance,’ British Journal of Industrial Relations, 41, 175–196
Wong, K. P., Lee, F. C. H., Teh, P.-L., & Chan, A. H. S. (2021). The interplay of socioecological determinants of work–life balance, subjective wellbeing and employee wellbeing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094525
Young, S., Bartram, T., Stanton, P., & Leggat, S. G. (2010). High performance work systems and employee well-being: A two stage study of a rural Australian hospital. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 24(2), 182–199. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777261011047345
Zacharatos, A., Barling, J., & Iverson, R. D. (2005). High-Performance Work Systems and Occupational Safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.77
Zhang, M., Cherrie, J. Z., Dowling, P. J., & Bartram, T. (2013). Exploring the effects of high-performance work systems (HPWS) on the work-related well-being of Chinese hospital employees. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 3196e3212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.775026
Zheng, C., Molineux, J., Mirshekary, S., & Scarparo, S. (2015). Developing individual and organisational work-life balance strategies to improve employee health and wellbeing. Employee Relations, 37(3), 354–379. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-10-2013-0142
Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. (2015). Employee well-being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5), 621–644. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1990
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Winda Puspita Sari, Abror Abror

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.





























